What Were the Consequences of Black September

The Jordanian civil war of September 1970, also known in the Arab world as Black September, was an attempt by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the more radical Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) to topple Jordanian King Hussein and seize control of the country. The PFLP sparked the war when it hijacked four jetliners, diverted three of them to a Jordanian airstrip  and blew them up, and for three weeks held on to dozens of the 421 hostages it seized as human bargaining chips. Why Palestinians Turned on Jordan In 1970, some two-thirds of the Jordanian population was Palestinian. After the Arabs defeat in the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, or Six Day War, Palestinian militants took part in the War of Attrition against Israel. The war was mostly fought in Sinai between Egyptian and Israeli forces. But the PLO launched raids from Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon as well. The Jordanian king had not been keen to fight the 1967 war, nor was he eager to keep letting Palestinians attack Israel from his territory, or from the West Bank, which had been under Jordanian control until Israel occupied it in 1967. King Hussein had maintained secret, cordial relations with Israel through the 1950s and 1960s. But he had to balance his interests in preserving a peace with Israel against a restless and increasingly radicalized Palestinian population, which was threatening his throne. Jordanian army and Palestinian militias led by the PLO fought several bloody battles in the summer of 1970, most violently during the week of June 9-16, when 1,000 people were killed or wounded. On July 10, King Hussein signed an agreement with the PLOs Yasser Arafat pledging support to the Palestinian cause and noninterference in Palestinian commando raids on Israel in exchange for a Palestinian pledge to support Jordanian sovereignty and remove most Palestinian militias from Amman, the Jordanian capital. The agreement proved hollow. Promise of Hell When Egypts Gamal Abdel Nasser agreed to a cease-fire in the war of attrition and King Hussein supported the move, PFLP leader George Habash promised that we will turn the Middle East into a hell, while Arafat invoked the battle of Marathon in 490 B.C. and vowed, before a cheering crowd of 25,000 in Amman on July 31, 1970, that We will liberate our land. Three times between June 9 and Sept. 1, Hussein escaped assassination attempts, the third time as would-be assassins opened fire on his motorcade while he drove to the airport in Amman to meet his daughter Alia, who was returning from Cairo. The War Between Sept. 6 and Sept. 9, Habashs militants hijacked five planes, blew up one and diverted three others to a desert strip in Jordan called Dawson Field, where they blew up the planes on Sept. 12. Rather than receiving the support of King Hussein, the Palestinian hijackers were surrounded by units of the Jordanian military. Even though Arafat worked for the release of the hostages, he also turned his PLO militants loose on the Jordanian monarchy. A bloodbath ensued. Up to 15,000 Palestinian militants and civilians were killed; swaths of Palestinian towns and refugee camps, where the PLO had amassed weapons, were leveled. The PLO leadership was decimated, and between 50,000-100,000 people were left homeless. Arab regimes criticized Hussein for what they called overkill. Before the war, Palestinians had run a state-within-a-state in Jordan, headquartered in Amman. Their militias ruled the streets and imposed brutal and arbitrary discipline with impunity. King Hussein ended the Palestinians reign. The PLO Is Thrown Out of Jordan On Sept. 25, 1970, Hussein and the PLO signed a ceasefire mediated by Arab nations. The PLO temporarily maintained control over three towns--Irbid, Ramtha, and Jarash--as well as Dawson Field (or Revolution Field, as the PLO termed it), where the hijacked planes had been blown up. But the PLOs last gasps were short-lived. Arafat and the PLO were expelled from Jordan by early 1971. They went to Lebanon, where they proceeded to create a similar state-within-a-state, weaponizing a dozen Palestinian refugee camps around Beirut and in South Lebanon, and destabilizing the Lebanese government as they had the Jordanian government, as well as playing a leading role in two wars: the 1973 war between the Lebanese army and the PLO, and the 1975-1990 civil war, in which the PLO fought alongside leftist Muslim militias against Christian militias. The PLO was expelled from Lebanon following Israels 1982 invasion. Black Septembers Consequences Besides seeding Lebanons civil war and disintegration, the Jordanian-Palestinian war of 1970 led to the creation of the Palestinian Black September movement, a commando faction that broke away from the PLO and directed several terrorist plots to avenge Palestinians losses in Jordan, including hijackings, the assassination of Jordanian Prime Minister Wasif al-Tel in Cairo on Nov. 28, 1971, and, most notoriously, the murder of 11 Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics. Israel, in turn, unleashed its own operation against Black September as Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir ordered the creation of a hit squad that fanned out in Europe and the Middle East and assassinated numerous Palestinian and Arab operatives. Some were connected with Black September. Some were not, including the murder of Ahmed Bouchiki, an innocent Moroccan waiter, in the Norwegian ski resort of Lillehammer in July 1973.

The Problem Of Student Loan Debt - 940 Words

Going to college has been taught to be the next step in education after graduating high school but is it truly that easy? The main factor to attending college now is the money issue. In today’s generation receiving a scholarship would be the best way to get through college without the burden of student loan debt piling up as you get further into college. Even though financial aid is available for students seeking college education, some of those students will not all qualify for financial aid. With them not being able to qualify, it leaves taking out student loans to afford those college expenses. By them having no other option but to take out student loans, it is the start to a long road of student loan debt issues. Majority of student loans today are through the popular loan company Sallie Mae. In 1972, Sallie Mae was founded as a private company for loans but since late 2004, it generally became a publicly traded company. The biggest challenge with student loans is finding one that offers the lowest interest rate. Rising interest rates may make obtaining and paying off student loans more burdensome, particularly for students from financially disadvantaged households. Students from lower income households rely on federal loans more heavily than their higher income counterparts, meaning that students from households with fewer financial resources may be disproportionately affected by increases in interest rates. For instance, over half of all lower incomeShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Student Loan Debt1271 Words   |  6 Pagesweighing college students down. The problem is student loan debt. This is the highest of all debt, passing up auto loans and credit card debt. There is approximately $1 trillion in student loans in America and the number is growing every year. It has been said that most of the student’s in debt were dropouts and graduate students, but now has broadened to students still working on their degree. Is getting a degree worth the financial burden? The biggest question asked about student loans is, â€Å"HowRead MoreThe Problem Of Rising Student Loan Debt1495 Words   |  6 PagesAs a mother of four, a large number of the social problems described in the text can and does directly relate to myself, as well as, my family especially regarding the matter of education. However, the problem directly affecting my family and I is the emerging social problem of rising student loan debt. Student loan debt is a problem that has begun to seep into the very mainstream of society as more and more individuals attend college, especially those with great financial needs. Personally, I amRead MoreStudent Loan Debt And Why It Is A Problem Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pages Student Loan Debt and why it is a Problem Student loan debt affects college students all over the United States. Today students are having to take out loans in order to pay for all of their college expenses. It can be a pain to deal with the hassle of paying back the loans. The problems with student loans include causing students to go into debt that they are not able to pay them off in the given time which makes them put major life decisions on hold, and the debt stay with the student evenRead MoreStudent Loan Debt Has Become A National Problem With No Solution2311 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction: According to CNN, â€Å"Almost 19% of student loan borrowers owe more than $50,000.Only 6% of borrowers had that much in 2001.† (Gillispe, 1). Why has student loan debt increased so much? Student Loan debt has become a national problem with no solution. Many students are borrowing more money to keep up with the rising cost of tuition in universities, leaving themselves with thousands of debt after graduation. Students after gaining this debt, have to find jobs to support it which can comeRead MoreThe Student Loan Debt Crisis1247 Words   |  5 Pages The Student Loan Debt Crisis Student loan debt has overtime become an unpleasant part of life for millions of Americans and especially borrowers. It is possible to identify the types of people who went through college and borrowed financial loans from those that went through college and did not go to college or those that went but did not borrow. The debt crisis directly affects the families of the borrowers, those with high debt burdens and advanced degrees. Despite the increased length in loanRead MoreStudent Loan Debt Is Not Worth Going Into1335 Words   |  6 Pagesdecade student loan debt has risen substantially and is now one of the largest form of personal debt in America, totaling about one trillion dollars, with 71 percent of students who earn a bachelors degree graduating with debt, with the average amount of debt being $29,400. This topic has become a very important issue, with some people saying that student loans could be the next bubble and could do what the real estate bubble did to the U.S economy in 2007 and 2009. If student loans are becomingRead MoreEssay on Student Loan Debt Should be Forgiven1256 Words   |  6 PagesDoes the amount of student loan debt have an effect on the economy? If so would forgiving student loan debt help lower the national debt or would it just increase it? According to Mary Claire Fischer, a writer for Kiplinger’s Personal Finance magazine, â€Å"two-thirds of students who receive bachelor’s degrees leave college with an average debt of twenty-six thousand dollars† (Fischer). This means that the average student debt has doubled since 2007 (Ross 24). The total student loan debt is $1.2 trillionRead MoreThe Cultural And Global Impact Of College Tuition And Student Loan Debt1442 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cultural and Global Impact of College Tuition and Student Loan Debt Introduction College debt is quickly rising as more students pursue a postsecondary education. Tuition is growing at a rate higher than inflation, thus forcing many students to make up the gap between income and tuition through loans (Houle). However, cultural factors must be considered before a young adult makes a decision about higher education. The type of postsecondary education one pursues, if any, is determined by manyRead MoreForgiving Student Loan Debt Essay examples822 Words   |  4 Pagesamount of student loan debt have an effect on the economy? If so would forgiving student loan debt help lower the national debt or would it just increase it? According to Mary Claire Fischer, a writer for Kiplinger’s Personal Finance magazine, â€Å"two-thirds of students who receive bachelor’s degrees leave college with debt in tow† (Fischer). Among these students, the average amount owed is twenty-six thousand dollars (Fischer). There is a six month grace period after graduation to allow the student timeRead MoreStudent Lo Samaritan Or Satan?1545 Words   |  7 Pages11/18/2015 WA#3 3rd Draft Student Loan: Samaritan or Satan? â€Å"Die Luft der Freiheit weht† is Stanford’s motto, which means â€Å"The wind of freedom blows.† However, selective universities are not â€Å"free† like Stanford University’s motto and even less â€Å"free† when students graduate. College students pay a huge amount of tuition every year, and yet not every college graduate can find a satisfying job. Many college students choose to take out student loans. Student loans give many students chances to go to college

Essay on Jealousy By William Shakespeare s Othello Essay Example For Students

Essay on Jealousy By William Shakespeare s Othello Essay Jealousy In Othello Jealousy brings out the worst in people and that is particularly true with leaders, given their far-reaching authority and influence. When jealousy arises, leaders lose focus, respect, and their leadership abilities suffer as do their organization skills. These negative aspects of jealousy are present in Shakespeare’s tragic hero Othello, and was the cause of his ultimate downfall. In William Shakespeare’s Othello, jealousy is a central theme and tragic flaw possessed by the main characters Iago, Othello, and Roderigo. This intrinsic characteristic is the basis for conflict and tragedy throughout the course of the play and is the cause of the deaths of innocent individuals. Jealousy is a theme introduced at the beginning of Othello by Roderigo, a wealthy man infatuated with Desdemona. Roderigo’s infatuation first manifests itself when he hires Iago to assist him in obtaining a possible courtship with Desdemona. As Iago informs Roderigo of Desdemona and Othello’s wedlock, he sparks a flicker of jealousy in Roderigo. Roderigo’s jealousy drives him to notify Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, about the marriage by ridiculing Othello for his race: â€Å"As partly I find it is – that your fair daughter / At this odd-een and dull watch o’th night / Transported with no worse nor better guard / But with a knave of common hire, a gondolier / To the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor / If this be known to you and your allowance / We then have done you bold and saucy wrongs.† (1.1. 123-129). Roderigo uses his knowledge of Brabantio’s racism as an attempt to obliterate Desdemona and Othello’s relationship by emphasizing the fact that Othello is a Moor and Desdemona is fair-skinned. Roderigo is fully aware of the rage and di. .ed in the extreme† (5.2. 402-406) Othello realizes how much his jealousy was able to consume him, and agrees he is no longer suitable as the general of the Venice army. Once Othello is aware of the fact that Desdemona was in fact pure and did not have an affair with Cassio, he is overwhelmed with grief. Othello states that he can no longer live without his true love Desdemona, as life would not be the same without her. Jealousy resulted in the downfall of Shakespeare’s tragic hero Othello, as the actions that manifested from his jealous behaviour caused him to lose the single most important person in his life, Desdemona. Jealousy controlled the behaviour and thoughts of characters Roderigo, Iago, and Othello, causing them to act irrationally. Jealousy consumed the virtues and reputation Othello had worked hard to develop and led to his personal and professional ruin.

Stephanie Essay Example For Students

Stephanie Essay BuceyExpositoryEssayFinalRed Tailed Black Cockatoo(Calyptorhynchus banksii graptogyne)I didnt really know what to do for my expository essay. I knew thatI wanted to write about an animal and since I am a bird owner, I decided towrite about a bird. I also wanted to learn more about endangered birds andwhat is being done to save their lives. I own a cockatiel, which iscurrently a very common house pet and therefore not endangered. As Iresearched more about birds, I came to a Website about endangered birds. The Red Tailed Black Cockatoo caught my attention with its beautifulcolors. This beautiful large bird with a bright red tail reminded me of mybird but only much larger. I immediately knew I had found my subject andbegan to write down notes. The Red Tailed Black Cockatoo is a very unique bird. People say theRed Tailed Black Cockatoo is unique because of its pattern of red and blackwings. If you were to lift a Red Tailed Black Cockatoos wing you can seethe different patterns. Either you see the red over-lapping the black, theblack over-lapping the red, black bars across the red pattern, or just redon red. The Red Tailed Black Cockatoo is mostly known for its loud noisesand spectacular wings. The Red Tailed Black Cockatoo is one of the largestmembers of the endemic Australian genus, which includes most of the blackcockatoos. You can tell the difference between a male and a female RedTailed Black Cockatoo. Males are all black with red patterns in theirtails. Females resemble males but have yellow spots on the head and bellyand black bars across the red tail patterns. We will write a custom essay on Stephanie specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Red Tailed Black Cockatoo are mostly found in South Australia. The population does not exceed 1,000 individuals of which fewer than 200are thought to breed each year. The population of the Red Tailed BlackCockatoos is declining and may soon be extinct if nothing is done to savethem. There are people who are trying to save this bird. One project tosave the Red Tailed Black Cockatoo includes making nests and positioningthem on top of posts for birds that need to nest. The already made nestsare making up for the large number of trees being cut down in SouthAustralia. This increase in nests will help the Red Tailed Black Cockatooincrease its population. The breeding period for a Red Tailed Black Cockatoo is usuallyduring October-May. The tree they mainly nest in is called River Red Gum. It usually takes up to about 28 days of incubation and 87 days of thetaking care of the young birds. Those birds that do breed only breed up toone or twice a year. The Red Tailed Black Cockatoos are endangered because the nesthollows shortage. It has been proven that the failure, despite searching,to find many nests and the fast adoption of the nest boxes made by humansis evidence that there is a shortage of nest hollows. A shortage of nesthollows is thought to limit the number of cockatoos trying to breed.