The I AM Statements of Jesus Essays - Prophets Of Islam,

The "I AM" Statements of Jesus Lynn Hicks Liberty University The "I AM" Statements of Jesus The ?I AM? statements of Jesus are some of the best evidences of the deity of Christ. In the book of Exodus God distinguishes Himself as ?I AM?. ?And God said to Moses ?I AM WHO I AM? and then he tells him to tell the children of Israel ?I AM has sent me to you? (Exodus 3:14, NKJV). The ?I AM? title is reserved for God because He has always been in past, present, and future. Jesus uses this same title for Himself when He states to the Jews Most assuredly, I say to you, before Abraham was, I AM? (John 8:58, NKJV). The Jews at this point knew that He was claiming to be God and in their anger tried to stone Him. The ?I AM? term was a very familiar one among the Jews and there was no question to the claim Jesus was making. He was claiming His deity as the Son of God and equal with God. Now we will look at the ?I AM? statements in the book of John. ?I am the bread of life?I am the living bread that came down from heaven. If anyone east of this bread, he will live forever. This bread is my flesh, which I will give for the life of the world. (John 6:48-51, NIV). In the 16th chapter of the book of Exodus God sustained the children of Israel with the manna from heaven. He supplied what they needed in a miraculous way. But ?the manna?could not impart eternal life nor meet their spiritual needs as could the ?bread of life? that came down from heaven in the person of Jesus the Messiah? (Macarthur 2005, 1376). Jesus came as our sustainer to offer His body for the sins of the world in a miraculous way and to sustain us in a sinful world through salvation. He gives us all we need physically and spiritually. I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life? (John 8:12, NIV). Darkness is compared with evil, men loved darkness instead of light because their deeds were evil? (John 3:19, NIV). This is describing the natural darkness that evil men use to their advantage. ?Light is a natural figure of speech for what is good and upright? (Morris 1989, 112) and we can contrast the physical darkness to spiritual darkness which also houses the evil deeds of man. ?The path of the righteous is like the first gleam of dawn?But the way of the wicked is like deep darkness (Proverbs 4:18-19, NIV). Jesus as the light of the world brought the truth to dispel the spiritual darkness which in turn offended and angered many people, and still does today, but eternal life and salvation awaits those who accept the truth and believe on Him. ?I am the gate; whoever enters through me will be saved. He will come in and go out, and find pasture? (John 10:9, NIV). Jesus makes it very clear in this passage that He is the Gate whereby we enter for salvation and communion with the Heavenly Father. ?Here are plain directions how to come into the fold; we must come in by Jesus Christ as the door; and by faith in him as the great Mediator between God and man? (Henry 1997, 998). There is no other way to access the Father as the Scriptures state no man cometh unto the Father, but by me? (John 14:6, NIV). After salvation we are free to come and go and we will find spiritual pasture and knowledge as we study His word. ?Only Jesus Christ is the one true source for the knowledge of God and the one basis for spiritual security? (Macarthur 2005, 1391). Jesus brings us into a spiritual relationship with the Father into a place where we could not go otherwise. ?I am the good shepherd. The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep? (John 10:11, NIV). As the shepherds of Jesus? day looked out after the sheep and protected them Jesus looks out for us. The shepherds

Its the journey that matters, not the destination a 3 minute speech on journeys, presented to a year 11 class.

Its the journey that matters, not the destination a 3 minute speech on journeys, presented to a year 11 class. So year 11, Is a physical journey merely a distance traveled? Or is there a greater meaning behind every step that is taken? As well as extending yourself physically, what about the mental, emotional and intellectual transformation on the journey? Remember those long roadtrips when you would drive your parents nuts by asking "Are we there yet?" Often, we are so obsessed with the destination that we neglect to see the process that takes us there, the thrills of the unpredictable journey and the things we learn from both the positive and negative challenges we face.Similarly, the poet, Peter Skrzynecki documents the importance of the physical journey as a learning experience in his poem, "crossing the red sea". His recounts shows us how even though we may focus on the destination, it is not until later in life, we may reflect back on how important the actual journey was.Crossing of the red seaThe title alludes biblically to Moses leading the Jews to the new Promised Land, just as the m igrants were on a voyage to the hope of a bright new future. However the journey was an uncertain one that they had been forced into because of the destruction of WWII.Through the first stanza, the reader can gather that a return trip is unlikely, as the travelers "Watch a sunset they would never see again." A strong sense of misery and poverty is further highlighted by the description of these displaced people being "barefooted". It is also a physical reminder of the extended duration of their journey. As the physical journey progresses, their past sufferings are eased by the calmness of the sea. Though personification it accepts the immigrants "outflung denunciations" and provides an opportunity for emotional and mental healing. The process of the journey shows the changing attitudes, figuratively conveyed...

The Differences between Markets and Central Planning Literature review

The Differences between Markets and Central Planning - Literature review Example The Coase theorem states that the problem of externalities will be resolved through bargain when there are no transaction costs and that property rights are well defined, the theorem states that firms in conflict will bargain and one firm may acquire the property right of the other firm however the assumption is that there are no transaction costs. This theory defines the existence of firms in the market economy in that despite the existence of externalities and conflict, firms in a market economy will, in the long run, will attain equilibrium through bargain and this will ensure proper allocation of resources and property rights The price elasticity of demand is a measure of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded as a result of change in the price of a good or service, high price elasticity of demand means that when price is increased by one unit then demand will decline by one or more units, there are those goods and services with inelastic, elastic and perfect elasticity of demand. Income elasticity is also a measure that aids in determining the responsiveness of demand to changes in the price of a product, it measures the change in demand of a product as a result of an increase or decrease in income. In the last 10 to 15 years most firms have experienced elastic price elasticity of demand, this has been attributed to the fact that there are many firms in the market and also existence of substitutes in the market, as a result of this an increase in the price of a good will lead to a decline in the demand for that good due to existing substitutes and alternative.

History (Fifteen Year War) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History (Fifteen Year War) - Essay Example In the context of the Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific World War, collectively known as the Fifteen Years War, the reasons for its successes in not spawning staunch resistance from East Asia proved to be the same reasons in the demise of the promise of liberation and ultimately, the Japanese occupation. The annexing of Korea and Manchuria provided momentum for Japan to strengthen its military and industrialize its economy. In the 1940s, Second World War in the Pacific broke out, initially won by the Japanese, and the commissioning of its message of liberation. The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (GEACPS) was proposed to consolidate the socio-economic interests of the Japanese empire and newly-conquered Asian states (including Australia Pacific islands) in order to achieve its promulgated objective of liberating Greater East Asia from Western imperialismii. The Japanese invasion was fast and deadly, taking only a few months from the Pearl Harbor incident. It would not be as rapid, however, if the Asian states have bitterly fought the Japanese. In 1937, Japanese forces were intercepted by Chinese forces on their way to Nanking. The delay angered the Japanese, so when they finally reached the Kuomintang capital, the Japanese mercilessly destroyed the city, killing, torturing and beheading some 30,000 citizensiii. Through the stories of the unharmed European and American nationals, the Rape of Nanking was known, reminding Asians of the severe consequences of mounting a resistance to Japanese occupation. Likewise, surrendering to the Japanese would propel the economic development of the region. Such was the case after the capture of Manchuria, despite the underhanded bombing of Mukdeniv, incited by the Japanese themselves. Over a short span of time, the utilization of Chinese resources for Japanese superior knowledge and technical ability, transformed Manchuria to become an urbanized industrial complex. Such

Propsal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Propsal - Essay Example The most recent advent of distance learning constitutes the most enticing of these. The aim of this research is to find out the influence of distance training on raising the motives of teachers to participate in training programmes. It will substantially consider the case of Saudi Arabia and will specifically explore teachers' viewpoints there, regarding the potentials distance training has that make it more favourable and encouraging as opposed to those of the traditional face-to-face approach. The research, in the process, will uncover different aspects related to teachers' training programmes. This will then be correlated to assess how teachers' motivations towards training can be increased. There has been a wide recognition that training plays an important role in upgrading and improving teachers' abilities to elevate teaching outcomes toward highly accomplished educational goals. It is to be noted that an ongoing training system has been developed in Saudi Arabia in this regard. However, the beneficial consequence of the system cannot be apparently felt and there are signs that teachers are not all that interested in participating. Several reasons might be enumerated to be behind this. However, many believe that it is the approach that relies mainly on the conventional face-to-face training that is not sufficiently motivating teachers to take place. It is assumed that applying distance training approach as an alternative would be more encouraging. Although distance training is becoming widely employed nowadays and proved to be very sufficient to gain interest, the link between distance training and motivation is not sufficiently covered by research yet. This research will try to explore this sort of link and find out how significant distance training is considered as a motivating medium. Moreover, the research will assess the extent to which conventional face-to-face approach fulfils teachers' training purposes and highlights the major obstacle facing this system. On the other hand, it will also research the opportunities of applying distance training among teachers in Saudi Arabia. It will try to build a good understanding of the available information technology infrastructure and reveal whether teachers have the basic skills to facilitate information technology tools and thus get the full benefit of distance training. The research will look at how confident teachers are with distance training and find out any sort of relation between satisfaction and motivation with distance training including other factors related to working and personal conditions such as subject and level of teaching. Strategy: The proposed research will take on a quantitative approach. It will mainly depend on gathering and analyzing quantitative secondary and primary data gathered from available literature documents and by means of social surveys. This will be supported with appropriate qualitative data and analysis to provide clarification and confidence. The research will be mostly deductive in a sense that it works from the more general to the more specific and builds up its conclusion upon initial scientific hypotheses. It ought to ascertain a preliminary assumption and generates inferences about associations among selected variables. The research will try to answer the following questions : 1-To what extent do teachers in Saudi

Biometric Technologies: Advantages and Disadvantages

Biometric Technologies: Advantages and Disadvantages Abstract There have two aims of this project. Firstly is to provide an objective analysis of available biometric technologies, to identify their strengths and weaknesses and to investigate a broad range of application scenario in where biometric techniques are better than traditional recognition and verification method. Another aim is to develop a product. Now a day most of the online banking and financial organization are trying to convert their existing online banking in open source Java or in some other open source platform, so that it could be more reliable, secure and difficult for the hacker to hack such open source management system. Most of the systems are still using the login ID and password typing functionality which is not secure at all as anybody can steal password by using a hidden Keystroke logger or like this sort of software and another problem is user need to remember so many password and user ID for different web services. From a statistical observation it found that more than 70% people write down their Username and password, which can be stolen, lost and can be misuse by others. If the organizations could integrate secure fingerprint or any other biometrics built in functionality then it could be more secure, reliable, easier and hassle free for the user. To get ride from such problem I have tried to develop such a model of secure web service integrating with fingerprint recognition where users no need to remember or insert anymore user name or password. Although there has lots of password replacement fingerprint software available in the market but as my knowledge such software doesnt work for completely platform independent (Java based) secure web service. I have used platform-independent Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition (J2EE), Netbean, Jboss server, sql data base and open source bio-sdk to develop this model. Preface Although this web service has integrated only with the fingerprint functionality due to limitations of hardware and other resources but in here has critically investigate about the strengths and the security hole of other biometric functionality, so that in future such biometrics functionality can be imply. Another constraint with regard to this report is time. To provide more strength and security for that system, many features could be added like development of better algorithm to fix the security hole of the fingerprint software. To cope with the time changes are an inevitable part of the software or web service development but many have been entirely avoided in this case as they would not have added any value to the principal purpose of this project. Problem Areas for that Project Biometrics is a young technology, therefore relative hardware is not that available in the local market and they are so expensive to buy personally. Unfortunately there is no biometrics hardware in the CMSs hardware lab. As well as there is no biometrics software or equipment. It was requested to buy some hardware for this thesis purpose but unfortunately the university was not agree to buy or manage anything which is related to biometrics. Many companies of this biometrics fields were requested personally to help or give information regarding their product but they denied for the marketing reason. There was no biometrics related books in the university library. Moreover the library was unable to provide. So without any technical and theoretical support it was really hard to gain new idea and to make a new product which is related to the biometrics. Some biometrics hardware has been bought personally for this thesis. With the extraordinary help, advice and encourage from the supervisor this work has been done. Section One: Background Literature of Biometrics Chapter 2: Background Literature of Biometrics Now a day biometrics is a well known term in the information technology. The origin of the word biometrics comes from Greek language. Bio means life and metrics means measurement. So the biometrics is related to the measurement of a living thing. But in the information technology it means an automated process where a human is recognised or identified using his/her physiological or behavioural characteristics. The specific physiological characteristics is collected, quantified, measured, compared with the previous stored characteristic and decided. So it is the process for the identification not any innovation. 2.1 A short history of biometrics: In the normal life a person has been recognised or identified based on face, body structure, height, colour, hair etc. So in that sense the history of biometrics identifiers or characteristics is as old as mankind history. In the ancient East Asia, plotters used their fingerprint on their products which is the identification of individual. In the ancient Egypt the people use some characteristics such as complexion, eye colour, hair, height to identify trusted traders. But for a long time biometrics had not been considered as a field of study. At the late 1880, the biometrics gained the interest as a field of study. The credit was Alphonse Bertillon who was an anthropologist and police clerk. He was tried to identify convicted criminal to others. He first discovered and mentioned that some physical measurement of an adult human is invariant of time. These combinations of measurements are different to human to human. So these measurements can be used to recognize an individual from other (Scottish Criminal Record Office, 2002a). His theory was known as Bertillonage or anthropometry. That time his theory was appreciated and thought to be well established. The main measurements which he suggested are given in the picture 2.1. But in the year 1903, it was found that his theory was wrong for the identical twins. That time an identical twin was found, according to his theory they are single person. So the new theory or new characteristics were looking for the identification. It was said that Sir Edward Henry was the first who interested on finger print for the purpose of identification. He was an Inspector General of Bengal police. In 1986, he ordered to record the prisoners fingerprint as an identification measurement. He tried to introduce the classification system of the fingerprint. In the year 1901, Sir Henry was joined as Assistant Commissioner of the Scotland Yard. After then a finger print bureau was established. That time the failure of the anthropometry system made the finger print system well known. Finger print system was started to use for the purpose of identification of a person. The system is used as same way still today. Automated system to read finger print was first introduced in the early 1970s. The first finger-print measurement device was first used in 1972 which was known as Identimeter. This device was used at Shearson Hamil named Wall Street Company. The purpose of this device was time keeping and monitoring. Day after day the interest of this biometric system was increased. The decrease of the hardware cost of the computer and improvement of the algorithm increase the research of the biometrics. 2.2 Biometric characteristics: 2.2.1 General requirements for a characteristic using as a biometric identifier: In the biometric history section, it has been discussed that several characteristics were consider as an identifier of human. But many of them were rejected. According to the Amberg 2003, if a characteristic can be considered as an identifier for the biometric purpose then it should mitigate some requirements such as university (Every human should have that characteristics), uniqueness (That characteristic should be different person to person), permanence (that characteristic should be permanent) and collect ability (that characteristic should be able to collect and that should also be measurable). There are some additional requirement can be applied with a these requirement such as performance (It accuracy should be high, it should need minimum resources), acceptability (it should be accept everywhere and it should also be acceptable to the future users), fraud resistance (It should have higher security level and can be resistance to fraudulent), cost effective (it users benefit sho uld be many times higher then its using cost). 2.2.2 Classification of the characteristics which can be used as biometric identifiers: Biometrics characteristics or identifiers can be categorized into two groups. They are Physiological type and Behavioural type. Physiological type: This type of characteristics is related to human body or anatomy. Finger print reading, DNA analysis and face of individual which are frequently used as biometric identifiers of this type. The use of retina and the iris will be prospective future. This type pf characteristic can be divided as genotype and phenotype. A group of people can have the same genotype characteristics. Blood group, DNA analysis these are the two most commonly used genotype characteristics. In contrast to genotype characteristics, phenotype characteristics can be having only single individual, so this type of characteristics is different from person to person. Finger print, retina and iris are this type of characteristic. Behavioural Characteristics: This type of the characteristic is related to human behaviour. Signature is the most commonly used characteristics of this type. Human voice analysis and key stoke is another two characteristics which are now also be used. This kind of characteristics is the indirect measurement of the human body. This type of characteristics has been learned or trained; therefore these can be different from time to time. But when a human reach in a certain age, the change of behaviour is negligible, therefore these type characteristic used as identifiers. In the 2.2 the frequently used biometrics characteristics have been shown. 2.2.3 Contrast of the biometrics characteristics: A contrast of biometrics characteristics has been given in the table 2.1. Table 2.1: A contrast of the biometrics characteristics (Jaine et al. 1999) From the table 2.1, it has been said that the physiological characteristics have the better performance then the behavioural characteristics. From the table 2.1, it has also been seen that some biometrics trait can be regarded more universal, unique and permanent then the other. Such as Iris, DNA, body odour and finger print. But the Iris, DNA and body odour are promising, they need future research and Experiment. Their cost is high, so they are not cost effective. So, now in present the finger print is one of the most accepted biometric traits. 2.3 Establish Identity Now a day society has been changed significantly. In the past, everyone of a community knew everyone. But now a day, globalization has been changed the situation. Peoples are now interconnected electronically. They are mobile all around the world. So establishing identity is one of the most important task. 2.3.1 Resolving identity of an individual: There are two fundamental problems occurs for this purpose. They are authentication and identification. Authentication problem: This problem is also known as verification. This problem arises to confirm or denied anyones claimed identity. When any person claimed an identity then this operation process required a comparison. The comparison occurs between submitted biometric samples and the stored samples for the claimed identity. This process is called a ‘one to one comparison. For an example an ATM (automatic teller machine) can be considered. For ATM machine the authentication problem has been solved in a two stages process. First stage is to possess a valid ATM card. The second stage is to know the PIN (Personal Identification Number). If anyone know the other persons PIN and possess his/her correspondence ATM card then that person can claimed the identity of the original ATM card owner identity. This kind of fraud activities have been increasing day after day. According to Jain Et Al, 1999, In 1996 ATM associated swindle activities valued in USA 3 billion US dollar. In the oth er hand biometrics system promotes a system which can overcome this authentication problem. Recognition problem: This is also known as identification problem. This problem occurs when a person has been identified from a set template of database. In this problem the persons data has been compared against the data from the database. It is ‘one to many system. An example would help to clear the concept. To identify a criminal a law enforce officials some time lifted finger print or other data from the crime scene. After then they compare the data with the stored data of known criminal. By this way they might be able to identify the criminal. According to the UK Biometrics Working Group (2002), all the biometric matters does not included in the title of verification and identification. Therefore three more pair of terms has been introduced. These three pairs are (1) Positive claim of identity and negative claim of identity, (2) Explicit claim of identity and implicit claim of identity, and (3) Genuine claim of identity and imposter claim of identity. Positive claim of identity is also known as positive identification. In this process the claimed persons identity should have to be enrolled before and known to the system. An example would help to realize the process. An online email account customer enters his or her login name and password into the system, the system compared the combination of these two against a set of data where customer data has been stored before. If the combination of the login name and password has been matched then the user has been verified. The process needs only the login and pass word nothing else. So the email provider does not know who is actually using the account. Negative claim of identity has been known as negative identification. In this process the claimed persons identity has not been stored before. So the claimed person can enters only one time, after entering his/her identity has been stored in the system and he or she cannot enters again. Such kind of example is American Social Security. According to the Jain Et Al, 1999, around a billon of US dollar has been taken away annually by using multiple identities from the social security welfare in USA. In the case of Explicit Claim of Identity, a person unambiguously declares his identity to the system. The claim may be negative claim or positive claim. His/ her submitted identity has been compared with the stored data in one to one comparison. (One to one comparison has been described in the authentication section). Using ATM card is an example of the positive explicit claim of identity. To realize the negative explicit claim of identity, consider an air port where the face recognition system has been established. If a passenger is similar to a known terrorist person then the system would raise the alarm. Then the passenger needs to claim the explicit negative claim of identity. So the passengers other identity such as finger print, iris etch has been compared against that known terrorist in one to one basis comparison. Implicit claim of identity can be positive or negative claim. In this process a persons identity has been compared in ‘one to many comparison basis against all stored identities. When anyone claims an honest claim to be himself or herself then it is called the genuine claim of identity (UK Biometric Working Group, 2002). In this case his / her identity has been truly matched with the stored identity. Imposter Claim of Identity is the process where anyone claims to be someone else is deceit or false (UK Biometric Working Group, 2002). In this case submitted identity does not match with the stored identity. 2.3.2 Verification Technique: According to the Mitnick, 2002, the Verification technique can be divided into three types. They are (1) Knowledge based verification technique, (2) Token based verification technique and (3) Biometric based verification technique. Knowledge based verification system: In this process some information has been used, that information is secret (combination of pass word/PIN/Memorable words etc), usually the person of the original identity has been supposed to be acquainted with secret information. People may travel from distance to distance, so that their memorable secret information will be with them. So it can be said that it will be suitable to use from a distance or remote place. But this type of authentication has some serious drawbacks. By using Trojan horses and Spywares a hacker can know the others secret information. Trojan horses and Spy wares are able to send the key stoke as email. So this knowledge based verification is not a secure system. Most of the times people use their known name as secret information for the knowledge based verification system. So, it might be possible for the others to guess. Sometimes people do not change their secret information in the knowledge based verification system for a long time. Their secret information is not secure. Sometimes they keep their initial secret information, so that it might be easy to hack. Many types of hacking methods have been developed such as dictionary attack, Hybrid methods, brute force attack etc. In comparison to other technologies, this is cheap and has a large level of security stage. Token based verification system: In this system the claimed identity person should have something which should be used with the secret information. ATM card is an example of the token based verification system. It can be said that it is more secure then the knowledge based verification process because if the token has been lost or stolen then its user can notify. Biometric verification system: In this system users biometric distinguishing characteristics such as finger print, face, signature, etc have been used which represents the users appearance. These characteristics are moved with the users they are more secure compare to the other two systems. It is quite impossible to use by the unauthorized person. But this system is relatively costly. Actually no system is fully secure. All of the three systems have some serious drawbacks. Secret information can be hacked, unauthorised person can stole the token and use that and it is also possible to copy biometric information and later replay those (Woodward Et Al. 2003). In order to counter these drawbacks, multiple verification systems can be used. ATM card is an example of the combination of knowledge based verification system and token based verification system. If in the future, the iris scanner is available then it will be more secure if iris scanner has been used with the ATM card. 2.4 The components of a general biometric system and their function: A general biometric system can be divided into five subsystems. They are: (1) Data acquisition system, (2) Data transmission system, (3) Signal processing system, (4) Data storage system and (5) Decision making system. In the 2.2 a general biometric system has been shown. Data acquisition system: It has been assumed that every biometric system has two characteristics. They are uniqueness and repeatability. Uniqueness represents that every persons biometric trait is different. It will not be same for the two persons. The repeatability represents that the biometric trait will be same over time. In this acquisition system the sensors measure the users biometric characteristics. These characteristics are said as samples which have definite attributes. The type of presentation and the reader quality can affect the sample qualities. Data Transmission system: Most of the cases the data collection and processing is not at the same location. So there is a one subsystem which function is to transfer the data. In the data transmission system, compression and expansion has been functioned depend on the size of the sample. The standard protocol has been used for compression and expansion. When the facial image has been sent JPEG format has been used. WSQ format has been used for transferring the data of fingerprint and CELP format has been used for the voice. Data processing system: there are three parts of signal processing system. They are: (1) feature extraction section (2) quality control section, and (3) pattern matching section. At the extraction section the appropriate biometric data has been split from the background information of the sample. This process is called segmentation. For an example, in a face detection system facial image has been separated from the wall or other back ground. After the extraction the quality has been checked. If the quality of the data is very poor then another sample has been asked. After this section, the pattern matching process has been started. After then the decision making section. Featured data from the pattern matching section has been stored to the storage section depends on the function of the overall biometric section. Data storage section: From the pattern matching section, some featured of data has been stored as data storage section as template. The main purpose is to compare with the incoming feature. If the overall system is based on one to one matching then the data storage section can be decentralized but if the overall system has been functioned for the one to many matching then the central data base has been needed. Decision making system: Quality score and the matching score have been sent to the decision making section from the processing section. The decision making system decide the sample has been accepted or denied. The policy is specific depends on the system security expectation. If the number of false non match incident has been increased then the number of false match will be decreased. 2.5 Performance of a biometric system: The main focus of a biometric system is to ensure the security where only the authorised used can be accepted and non authorised users are denied. The system processing speed is usually given to less priority. The main considerable factors of a biometric system are mainly described by some terms such as Failure to En-roll Rate (FTE), Failure to Acquire Rate (FTA), False Acceptance rate (FAR), False Rejection rate (FRR), False Match Rate (FMR), False Non Match Rate (FNMR) etc. False Match Rate (FMR): This represents the serious type of fault of a biometric system. This occurs when an authorised users biometric information match to an unauthorised persons identity. In this case the signal processing system produces a high matching score of a non corresponding template. False Non Match Rate (FNMR): In this case the authorised persons biometric features are unable to produce enough high matching score to qualify. This is the opposite of FMR. One of the main reasons of FNMR is partially less quality of the biometric features. Comparison of FMR and FNMR for the different biometric system: The main aim of a biometric security system is to reduce the rate of False Match Rate (FMR). On the other hand if the False Non Match Rate can be reduced then the system will be more fast and reliable. But all the time there is a relationship between FMR and FNMR. In the 2.4, relationships have been shown for different biometric system. Higher False Match Rate (FMR) is not acceptable, but for the low FMR the False Non Match Rate (FNMR) is considerably higher in every system. Failure to En-roll Rate (FTE): Sometimes the biometric system cannot make a valid template for some users. Although biometric characteristics are universal but some case there are differences. For an example for a very low number of peoples finger print cannot be enrolled in the system such person who use their hands aggressively such as construction workers or carpenter. So Failure to En-roll rate is the ratio of the number of the people whose biometric features cannot be enrolled to system to the number of the total person who use the system. In the 2.5 a practical test result has been shown where Failure to En-roll (FTE) has been measured for the different system (Mansfield Et Al.2001). Failure to Acquire Rate (FTA): Sometimes the system cannot acquire data of the desired quality due to the readers/sensors, instrumental problem, environmental problem, noise level of data, background data etc. Simply Failure to Acquire Rate (FAR) represents those biometric sample which cannot get high quality score to go the decision making section. False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Rejection Rate (FRR): these two terms are related to the False Match Rate and False Non Match Rate. False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Rejection Rate (FRR) are related to the whole biometric system. On the other hand the False Match Rate and the False Non Match rate are related to the single matching process. So in the case of FAR and FRR, Failure to Acquire Rate of the system should be included. According to Mansfield Et Al.2001, relationships can concluded as follow: FAR (Ï„) = (1-FTA) FMR (Ï„) FRR (Ï„) = (1-FTA) FNMR (Ï„) + FTA Here, FAR- False Acceptance Rate Ï„- Decision threshold FTA- Failure to Acquire Rate FMR- False Match Rate FRR- False Rejection Rate FNMR- False Non Matching Rate Each point of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves is corresponded to a definite threshold decision making score which has a particular False Rejection Rate and False Acceptance Rate. For the Forensic purpose, False Rejection Rate should be lowest and for the high security access purpose, False Acceptance Rate should be lowest. Section Two: Biometric Technology 2.1 Physiological Biometric In this section has mentioned about the pattern of fingerprint, hand geometry, pattern of iris, facial, retinal and vascular characteristics as a possible biometric identifier. 2.1.1 Fingerprint Pattern Fingerprint is the oldest, popular and definitely the most widely publicly acceptable mature biometric identifiers. It perfectly meets the necessary criteria for of a biometric identifier like universality, distinctively, persistent and collectability. They are impressions of the friction ridges on the surface of the hand. In the most application and in this thesis as well, the primary concern is focused on the ridges located above the end joints of fingers. However, in certain forensic applications, the area of importance is broader including the fingers, the palm and the writers palm (WOODWARD ET AL. 2003). Since early 1970 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has initiated extensive research and development efforts on fingerprint identification. Their main aim was to invent an automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS), so that it could be helpful for forensic purposes (RUGGLES 1996). 2.1.1.1 Feature and Technology There are two main elements in fingerprint matching technique: firstly minutiae matching and secondly pattern matching. In the bellows shows regarding the primary technique that analyzes basic minutia types: Macroscopic overview, universal pattern matching, focus on the integral flow of ridges -these could be categorized into three groups: loops, whorls and arches. Every individual fingerprint should be fit into one of these three categories that shown in the bellows Now a day most of the application depends on the minutiae matching. If a fingerprint scan device capture a typical fingerprint image then there could be identify around 30 to 60 minutia patterns. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has confirmed that it is not possible for two individuals, even for monozygotic twins also to have more than eight common minutiae. For matching minutiae are examine with type, shape, co-ordinate location (x,y) and direction. In the bellows has shown about the automated minutiae matching process based on these attributes: In the above describes a case in where the input image (in left) is trying to match against a stored template (in right). 39 minutiae were detected in the input, while the template contained 42 different minutiae. The matching algorithm identified 36 matching data points. (Source: Prabhakar 2001) In the above , inputted image (in left) has detected 64 minutiae while in the template (in right) contain 65 different minutiae. The algorithm identified 25 completely non-matching data points. There need a scanning or capture device to obtain such images. Since 1970s, lots of researches have been done to develop and improve such devices. As a result optical, capacitive, ultrasonic, thermoelectric, radio frequency and touch less scanners has invented and now a day most of them become less expensive and available in the market. Optical device / scanner: The first method to capture the fingerprint image was the optical scanning technique. Frustrated total internal reflection is the main principle of the operation of such scanner. In that case the finger is placed on the glass platen and illuminated by the laser light. The surface of the finger reflects certain amounts of light depending on the depth of the ridges and valleys and then reflectance is captured by a CCD (charge-coupled device) camera that constitutes of an array of light sensitive diodes called photosites (OGORMAN 1999). The big advantage of such device is they are cheaper among all of the automated biometric devices and also available in the local market. The disadvantage for such device is: it could be easily fooled by impostors. The latent fingerprint left on the scanning surface, its a big drawback of such device as anybody can collect the latent fingerprint image from there to spoof. Optical Scanner â€Å"Digital Persona† has used to integrate the fingerprint scanning support for the product of that project are using popular U.are.U fingerprint recognition systems depicted in the below . In October 2003, the US Department of Defence has chosen digital persona scanner to secure network security at desktops in its offices in Washington, D.C. (digital persona 2009). Capacitive Scanner / devices: since their first appearance in 1990, such devices have become very popular. A capacitive scanner is a solid-state device, which incorporates a sensing surface composed of an array of about 100.000 conductive plates over which lies a dielectric surface. When a user touches the sensor, the human skin acts as the other side of the array of capacitors. The measurement of voltage at a capacitor decreases with the growing distance between the plates. Therefore, the capacitance measured at the ridges of a fingerprint will be higher than the capacitance measured at the valleys. These measurements are then analyzed in a way similar to a sonar scan of the ocean bottom, resulting in a video signal depicting the surface of the fingerprint (OGORMAN 1999). The advantage of capacitive scanners is its very high accuracy rate. Another big advantages that they are much harder to fool than optical scanners since the process requires living tissue. As the users need to touch the silicon chip itself, solid-state scanners are susceptible to electrostatic discharge (ESD). Recent chip designs were specifically developed to withstand high levels of ESD and frequent handling. modern capacitive device manufacturer like Veridicom claims that their chips will survive around 1 million touches (Ryan 2002). Thermoelectric device: It is silicon based. It measures the difference of temperature between the ridges touching the surface of the sensor and the valleys distant from them (OGorman 1999). Although thermal scanning is very promising but it is still an uncommon method. A company named Atmel proponents of this technique. It uses finger sweep method to capture fingerprint in a tiny si

Heroes Must Die :: English Literature Essays

Heroes Must Die Blaine the big was half badger and half troll. He was a huge beast (nearly twice the height of a human) and was almost completely covered in spikes. He hated his space colony. He lived with fake trees, fake grass, fake rain, and all sorts of fake things. He longed to live on Earth and see the real things. He tried multiple times to break into the space airports and enter a ship to Earth, but the wizard guards always caught him. One day, while Blaine was sleeping, the DANGER 1 alarm went off. The alarm was only used for extremely dangerous situations. Blaine and his pet dorg (a big dog trained to kill), Leo, ran out to see what the commotion was about. He felt cold fear run all down his body. There, right in front of him, was a huge troll. Trolls had horribly big bodies and had spikes everywhere below the neck. It smelt horrible and had a double-ended axe. â€Å"What do we have here?† the troll said. â€Å"Don’t hurt me-I’m half troll. You wouldn’t hurt me would you?† stammered Blaine. Blaine decided to go for the friendly approach. â€Å"Your axe looks †¦ marvelous,† he said. Trolls loved to hear their weapons get compliments. This troll was no exception. â€Å"You think so? I really like my axe. My name’s Pete the Perilous. So, what other half are you?† â€Å"I’m Blaine. I’m half badger as well as half troll,† answered Blaine . Blaine decided that Pete wasn’t all that bad. â€Å"What troll dynasty are you from?† Blaine asked. â€Å"Oh, I’m not a troll. I’m a seronto,† said Pete. â€Å"What!† blurted Blaine. Serontos were extremely rare these days because of their not-so-smart minds. Serontos have the power to change into anything they want, and a lot of times they would turn into something deadly. Therefore, the wizards kill them not knowing they were serontos. â€Å"Turn into something smaller!† hissed Blaine. With a â€Å"pop† he turned into a pen. Blaine hastily put the pen into his pocket. Just then, a score of wizards came around the corner, all with their staffs out. â€Å"Did you see a troll around here?† the eldest wizard asked. â€Å"No† replied Blaine. He didn’t dare tell the wizards that the troll was actually a seronto, because the wizards would have just taken him to the ejection room (a room where you are sent into space to die), innocent or not because of the chaos he created.

An Annotated Bibliography on Multi-cultural Education

Mary Stone Hanley, a teacher in the Teacher Certification Program of Antioch University in Seattle, explains and elaborates some of the issues concerning multicultural education and gives a brief history of the subject as well as a few suggestions for its improvement in â€Å"The Scope of Multicultural Education†. She explains the ideals and goals of a multicultural approach to education and the possible ways of achieving them through citations of works from other people and of course, from herself.   The main targets of her article are the teachers concerned in teaching multicultural groups of students. Her article can also be used to inform other people about the subject of multicultural education. She is still continuing further researches for the development of multicultural education. John Morefield. â€Å"Recreating Schools For All Children.† New Horizons for Learning. John Morefield conducted extensive researches for the availability of good education for â€Å"all† children. When he became the principal of Hawthorne Elementary School in Seattle, Washington, he promised the community that entering kindergartners would graduate with skills at or above expected grade level competency. Thus his researches on what works in diverse communities. His targets are all concerned audiences with emphasis to fellow teachers. His article specifies twelve characteristics that he thinks are needed to have a successful school. He explains that since it is widely accepted that American education has been biased and racist, it is now time to move on and prepare a better future of education for all the children of the world. Rey A. Gomez. â€Å"Teaching with a Multicultural Perspective.† ERIC digest. Gomez explains that to teach with a multicultural perspective will encourage understanding and appreciation of one’s own culture, as well as others. He suggests that the use of this perspective in teaching could promote a sense of uniqueness and specialty to his own culture to the child and therefore making the child create a same sense of perspective when viewing other’s cultures. He also suggests that multicultural programs should not utterly focus on only the other’s cultures to the extent that a stereotype is created within the class. In his article, Morefield also reminds the parents of the children attending multicultural schools of the `myths’ that usually lead to the stereotype behaviors of their children toward multiculturalism. Wilson, Keith. â€Å"Multicultural Education.† EdChange. Wilson is an associate professor at the Pennsylvania State University. In his article, he gives a definition of Multicultural Education, and gives examples of the pros and cons of Multicultural Education. He cites some views from other writers to complement their views. He also gives a few suggestions on as to how a multicultural education program may succeed. Burnett, Gary. Varieties of Multicultural Education: An Introduction. ERIC Digest 98. Burnnet compares and contrast some of the programs that represent the current multicultural education typologies. He explains in his article some of the current programs that are currently being used to aid in multicultural education for the benefit of those who would like to create their own policies and or programs for the advancement of multicultural education. He cites some articles concerning debates about the effectiveness of some of the programs to back up his explanations. Milk, Robert-Mercado, Carmen-Sapiens, Alexandria. Rethinking the Education of Teachers of Language Minority Children: Developing Reflective Teachers for Changing Schools. NCBE Focus. The article’s main idea is how to make the teachers more ‘language minority students’ friendly. They wish to clarify and explain the roles of the teachers on the educational lives of the students. They cited several works of other people to further explain the importance of the teacher’s role in the political, demographic, and programmatic statuses of the schools that teach language minority students. They give suggestive guidelines for the teachers to help them in teaching language minority students. Attinasi, John. â€Å"Academic Achievement, Culture, and Literacy: An Introduction.† NCREL. He relates his own ideas and experiences to the audience to explain his, and other’s views about multicultural education. In this article, he introduces multiculturalism by relating it to his views of â€Å"closure† and â€Å"processes† and then states a few brief history of the evolution of multiculture. He then gives a few guidelines and information on how multiculturalism can imply changes on the way of teaching in a school with diversely cultured students. Gollnick, Donna M. – Chinn, Philip C. Multicultural Education for Exceptional Children. ERIC Digest #E498. Gollmick and Chinn stress the importance of multicultural education on the growing population of the U.S. in their article. They also give importance to the purposes of multiculturalism in the education world. They also stress the importance of the teacher’s roles and their curriculums on the multicultural students. and then they give suggestion on as to how to create a non-biased and effective curriculum for teachers, or for schools, who handle multiculturally diverse classes. Their article is a good preview of how important is the need for improvement of multiculture education. Cohen, Cheryl. Teaching about Ethnic Diversity. ERIC Digest No. 32. Cohen explains the importance of Ethnic Diversity as part of the curriculum to be used for students. He also gives stress to the effective procedures to be used in teaching Ethnic Diversity. Basically, it is an informative article that emphasizes the importance of Ethnic Diversity in a curriculum for students. Its main audiences are teachers and the vast American children of different ethnical backgrounds. Covert, Bob and Gorski, Paul. Defining Multicultural Education. EdChange Gorski and Covert give hints as to what does Multicultural Education really mean. They show that there is almost no two classrooms that has the same definition for Multicultural Education. Then they give examples of aspects of multicultural education. They state the importance of the definition on the possible transformations it could cause to the society. They also stated a possible goal of multicultural education which is to affect social change of the world. References: Attinasi, J. (1994). Academic Achievement, Culture, and Literacy: An Introduction. Retrieved August 8, 2007 from the NCREL database. Website: http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/educatrs/leadrshp/le0att.htm Burnnet, G. (1995). Varieties of Multicultural Education: An Introduction. ERIC Digest 98. ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education New York NY. Retrieved August 8, 2007 from the ERIC digest database. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED372146. Website: http://www.ericdigests.org/1995-1/multicultural.htm Chinn, P. and Gollnick, D. (1991). Multicultural Education for Exceptional Children. ERIC Digest #E498. ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education New York NY. Retrieved August 8, 2007 from the ERIC digest database. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED333620. Website: http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9220/exceptional.htm Cohen, C. (1986). Teaching about Ethnic Diversity. ERIC Digest No. 32. ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education New York NY. Retrieved August 8, 2007 from the ERIC digest database. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED273539. Website: http://www.thememoryhole.org/edu/eric/ed273539.html Covert, B. and Gorski, P. Defining Multicultural Education. EdChange. Retrieved August 8, 2007, from EdChange database. Website: http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/initial.html Gomez, R. (1991). Teaching with a Multicultural Perspective. ERIC Digest. ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education Urbana IL. Retrieved August 8, 2007 from the ERIC digest database. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED339548. Website: http://www.ericdigests.org/1992-5/perspective.htm Hanley, M. S. (n.d.). The Scope of Multicultural Education. New Horizons for Learning. Retrieved August 8, 2007, from New Horizons for Learning. Website: http://www.newhorizons.org/strategies/multicultural/hanley.htm Milk, R.; Mercado, C.; Sapiens, A. (summer 1992). Number 6. NCBE FOCUS: Occasional Papers in Bilingual Education. Retrieved August 8, 2007 from NCBA database. Website: http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/pubs/focus/focus6.htm Morefield, J. (n.d.). Recreating Schools For All Children. New Horizons for Learning. Retrieved August 8, 2007, from New Horizons for Learning. Website: http://www.newhorizons.org/trans/morefield.htm Wilson,K. (n.d.). Multicultural Education. EdChange. Retrieved August 8, 2007, from EdChange database. Website: http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/papers/keith.html      

Chinese Architecture essays

Chinese Architecture essays Architecture, by definition, is the art or science of planning and building structures. Those are the words used to describe architecture in a dictionary but architecture is so much more than a study of how a building is built. Architecture is a product of human activities, and it is also a mirror of human life. Buildings reflect many things life environment, both political and cultural, as well as habitual and geographical environments. This paper is about Chinese architecture; its history, the basic structural elements that make up a Chinese building and the spiritual side of all the grand Chinese buildings. Firstly, if one is to understand Chinese architecture then one must know something of Chinas history because the creation and development of a national architecture has its roots in the cultural background of the nation. The nation of China has been around for around 5000 years, which perhaps the longest history that any nation or culture can lay claim to. Chinas architecture was influenced by religion and myth, philosophy and politics, science and superstition, humanity and ritual. All of these elements were constantly confronting and complementing each other. Also, the arts of feng shui, cosmology, and geomancy played a great part in the structural aspects of many Chinese buildings. Chinas architecture is vastly different from most of the other types of architecture in the world. This is because China is very isolated from the western world. For many years, Chinas only contact with the western world came from its infamous Silk Road on which Chinese merchants carried their goods to be sold to the western world. Very rarely did the westerners come to China to sell their own goods either because of the distance or simply for the fact that the western world was not advance enough to get to China to sell their goods. So Chinese culture and architecture developed without western influenced and it became...

John Maynard Keynes Essays - Third Portuguese Republic, Free Essays

John Maynard Keynes Essays - Third Portuguese Republic, Free Essays John Maynard Keynes UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE VENEZUELA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECON?MICAS Y SOCIALES ESCUELA DE ADMINISTRACI?N Y CONTADUR?A. DESARROLLO ECON?MICO. John Maynard Keynes Integrantes: Arciniegas, Ver?nica Oliveira, Carlos Caracas, 2008-10-16 John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), economista brit?nico. Sus ideas, sustrato de una nueva escuela de pensamiento econ?mico denominada keynesianismo o ?nueva ciencia econ?mica?, influyeron de forma determinante en el dise?o de las pol?ticas econ?micas de muchos pa?ses desde la finalizaci?n de la II Guerra Mundial. PRINCIPALES CONTRIBUCIONES AL PENSAMIENTO ECON?MICO. Tratado sobre probabilidades (1921) y Tratado sobre el dinero (1930). En esta ?ltima intent? analizar por qu? la econom?a funciona de forma irregular, as? como por qu? est? sujeta a las sucesivas expansiones y depresiones que caracterizan a los ciclos econ?micos. No obstante, no lograba explicar la problem?tica de las depresiones prolongadas. Keynes analiz? en profundidad los problemas relativos a las depresiones prolongadas en La teor?a general sobre el empleo, el inter?s y el dinero. Argument? la inexistencia de mecanismos de ajuste autom?tico que permitan a la econom?a recuperarse de las recesiones. Afirmaba que el ahorro no invertido prolonga el estancamiento econ?mico y que las inversiones empresariales dependen de la creaci?n de nuevos mercados, de la utilizaci?n de nuevos adelantos t?cnicos y de otras variables independientes del tipo de inter?s o de ahorro. Puesto que la inversi?n empresarial fluct?a, no se puede esperar que ?sta pueda preservar un nivel de pleno empleo y unos ingresos estables. Por ello, aseguraba que deb?an ser los gobiernos (factor ignorado hasta entonces), los que tendr?an que convertirse en instrumentos econ?micos activos y compensar (a trav?s de pol?ticas econ?micas adecuadas) la insuficiencia de inversi?n privada durante una recesi?n con la reducci?n de impuestos y, sobre todo, con el incre mento del gasto p?blico. Su soluci?n para el problema fue que los gobiernos se hicieran cargo del d?ficit invirtiendo en obras p?blicas y otros proyectos para incrementar la necesidad de trabajadores As?, defendi? los programas econ?micos de inversi?n p?blica que ya se estaban ensayando en el Reino Unido y, muy especialmente, en Estados Unidos, donde el presidente Franklin Delano Roosevelt hab?a afrontado la lucha contra la Gran Depresi?n con su pol?tica de New Deal. Su obra m?s conocida, La teor?a general sobre el empleo, el inter?s y el dinero (1936), se public? en medio de una enorme crisis econ?mica. Seg?n Keynes, la econom?a ya no funcionaba seg?n los principios cl?sicos que hab?an dominado la teor?a econ?mica durante m?s de un siglo, por lo que era necesario dise?ar nuevas pol?ticas. Keynes escribi? sus opiniones en lo referente al empleo, teor?a monetaria, y el ciclo de comercio, entre otros temas. En su teor?a de la ocupaci?n keynes afirmaba que ?Para lograr el objetivo de ocupaci?n plena, se hace necesario una pol?tica publica de salarios flexibles. Introdujo dos conceptos ?oferta u demanda agregada? para explicar la relaci?n entre el nivel de ocupaci?n y el nivel de producci?n. El desempleo es causado por una demanda agregada total deficiente. Para cada nivel de producci?n hay un nivel correspondiente de ocupaci?n. Si la demanda total agregada no es suficiente para absorber la oferta total de trabajadores, habr? desempleo forzado. Al hablar de la demanda total agregada se refiere a la demanda de bienes y servicios para toda la econom?a. La demanda total agregada la dividi? Keynes en dos elementos: la demanda de bienes de consumo y la demanda de bienes de inversi?n. La fusi?n de esto dos elemento y su aplicaci?n al an?lisis de la teor?a de la renta nacional fue lo revolucionario de este pensamiento. Keynes hizo claro que la demanda por bienes de consumo y la demanda por bienes de inversi?n son funciones independientes y por esta raz?n puede surgir el problema de que la demanda total agregada sea inadecuada para mantener el nivel de producci?n de ocupaci?n plena. Keynes dec?a que la causa real del desempleo era el insuficiente gasto en inversi?n. ?l cre?a que la cantidad de trabajo entregada es diferente cuando el decremento en los salarios reales (el producto marginal del trabajo) se debe al decremento del salario monetario, que en el caso cuando se debe a un incremento del nivel de precios, asumiendo que el sa lario monetario se mantenga constante. Se puede sintetizar su aporte en el concepto de que cuando la demanda deviene transitoriamente m?s peque?a, ello puede

Complex SQL Benefits Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Complex SQL Benefits - Research Paper Example (2) It would be very difficult to incorporate â€Å"Driver Performance by Month† in parallel with Month of Customer’s total shipments/weights in the Customer Summary Report, especially when different months appear in both tables. (3) A typical SQL Statement will have to be written determining/rating the drivers’ performance on the basis of # of manifests on time and/or delivered late. It involves calculation + IF and THEN conditions statements I understand that the Driver Table may be created on a need basis because the purpose of this table is to get the status of Drivers’ Performance, which is also being recorded/saved into the permanent Customer File. I feel â€Å"Driver Performance by Month† in the Customer File is against the concept of table normalization because the drivers’ performance is nothing to do in the Customer Table carrying customers’ transactions.

The history of Arab-Israeli conflict Was the Oslo peace agreement Essay

The history of Arab-Israeli conflict Was the Oslo peace agreement failure Why - Essay Example The 26 years of Israeli occupation were the period, preceding the signed Oslo agreement (usually called Oslo Accord). These 26 years are divided into the two different periods: the first period is called 'easy conquest'1. It was the period, during which Israel kept around 15,000 of military occupiers at the Palestinian territory. This number was drastically increased during the period of Intifada, and according to various estimates, the number of Israeli troops at that time was more than 180,000; but in the period of 1981-83, the new rules of governing Palestinian people were implemented, and the indirect ruling was replaced by the Israeli manpower, which had to govern Palestinians at each level. This was the beginning of perception, that Palestinians didn't feel free and safe on their territory anymore, and thus the need of peaceful resolution was becoming more and more evident. What we see at present - are the consequences of the flawed process of Oslo agreement, which has been bui lt in the wrong direction from the very beginning. We have here to understand, what were the backgrounds of such agreement, and why Palestinians have not accepted it as the means of finding a common solution to their problem, as through the literary sources reviewed, Palestinians are depicted as the victims of the unfair attitudes, stated in Oslo Accord. The consequ The flaws of Oslo Accord and its failure as a means of finding peaceful agreement The consequences - violent confrontation, disproportionally massive Israeli repression and widespread Palestinian rebellion followed by the great loss of life, the majority of which is also Palestinian,2 are the examples of the situations witnessing the final stage of Oslo process failure. This process is stated to be flawed from the very beginning. 'Oslo was designed to segregate the Palestinians in non-contiguous enclaves, surrounded by Israeli-controlled borders, with settlements and settlement roads punctuating and essentially violating the territories' integrity, expropriations and house demolitions proceeding inexorably through the Rabin, Peres, Netanyahu and Barak administrations along with the expansion and multiplication of settlements (200,000 Israeli Jews added to Jerusalem, 200,000 more in Gaza and the West Bank), military occupation continuing, and every tiny step taken toward Palestinian sovereignty -- including agreements to withdraw in minuscule, agreed-upon phases - - stymied, delayed, cancelled at Israel's will'.3 I suppose that Oslo process has displayed a number of serious flaws, each of which has contributed into its failure, and thus is to be considered separately. The first flaw of the Oslo Accord and the peace process in general was in the fact that this very process has presupposed long period of 'mini-withdrawals' of the Israeli military occupiers, but only in exchange of Palestinian 'silence'.4 The core of this flaw is in the suggestion and unreal idea that Palestine would easily give up its attempts to win its territory and thus Israeli would have free opportunity to continue its occupation; but this belief was absolutely unreal. The second flaw was in the fact, that Oslo agreement implied Palestinians had to prove to the Israeli state, that they could be trusted, in exchange for certain small rewards. 5 This idea was stated by Aruri (2000)6 as